Deplete

Exhaust Exhaust Exhaust By Maeve Maddox A peruser questions the accompanying utilization of draining: The accompanying title text showed up in Jamaicas driving paper today: My Savings are draining. What am I fouling up? The peruser recommends changing â€Å"My investment funds are depleting† to â€Å"My reserve funds are being depleted.† Like the peruser, I thought the feature sounded wrong. â€Å"Savings are being depleted† sounds more colloquial to my ear than â€Å"savings are depleting,† yet I would have changed drain to an alternate action word totally: â€Å"My investment funds are diminishing† or â€Å"My reserve funds are running out.† Drain is from the Latin action word deplere. The de-is a negative prefix added to the action word plere, â€Å"to fill.† Deplere is â€Å"to cut down or fix the completion of, to discharge out.† It can likewise mean, â€Å"to let blood.† The intransitive utilization of drain in the feeling of â€Å"running out† or â€Å"becoming exhausted† shows up much of the time in ecological settings with subject words like supplies and assets: Groundwaterâ supplies are depletingâ at quick rates the world over. More water is being taken out than set back in by normal renewal (revive), and supplies are depletingâ as an outcome. The worldsâ resources are depletingâ because of a populace that is out of control.â Albeit visit in officialese, this intransitive use sounds odd to me. Increasingly informal is to follow exhaust with an article, as in these models: My husbandsâ lack of business isâ depleting ourâ lifes investment funds. That segment [of a law] limits the creation and utilization of a lot of synthetic substances known toâ depleteâ the stratospheric ozone. Charterâ schoolsâ severelyâ depleteâ the resourcesâ availableâ to the current state funded schools. The accompanying models would be improved by subbing reducing or running out for exhausting: This [dog] is right now in Chicago with a coach getting assessed and learning some more habits yet that time is draining and she is requiring a home not the safe house to return to. I foundâ my tolerance depletingâ by the minute.â My wellbeing is coming up short andâ my companions are exhausting. Maybe a few essayists or speakers pick exhaust trying to stay away from a clichã ©, however some of the time a clichã © is less diverting than the new utilization of a word. For instance, time is typically said to â€Å"run out.† Patience â€Å"wears thin.† As one develops old, â€Å"friends pass away.† Now and again exhaust is an inappropriate decision totally, as in this remark on a site about dental consideration: It appears my gums areâ depleting. Drain implies a purging out of a modest amount. Gums subside, however they don’t exhaust. Need to improve your English quickly a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Vocabulary classification, check our mainstream posts, or pick a related post below:Arrive To versus Show up At50 Types of Propaganda13 Theatrical Terms in Popular Usage

Sweatshops :: essays research papers

At the point when you consider youngsters, odds are you consider them getting up in the first part of the day, going to class at that point returning home and going outside to play. Tragically this isn't generally the situation. In different nations, youngsters are bolted up inside being compelled to work. Is it reasonable that a youngster is compelled to work a twelve-hour move, seven days seven days winning just seven pennies 60 minutes? This implies if a youngster were to work eighty-four hours per week (when the most extreme is 60 hours every week), at that point they will have just earned $5.55. Once in a while they need to stay at work past 40 hours which they aren’t paid for. On the off chance that a specialist can't remain for the extra time, they are suspended without pay or they are terminated. The laborers need Unions, however the organizations deny them! Living on these pay rates is practically outlandish. A full circle transport to work costs 0.37cents, and simply enough food to get by for a day is about $1.33. That implies every individual could spend $ 2.59 every day. Most of the individuals are spending more than they make, so a great deal of them go hungry. That absolute doesn’t incorporate lease, which is typically 0.86 per day for a one room condo. In the event that the laborer pays the lease, there is nothing left finished, truth be told, they are paying off debtors. Shouldn't something be said about nourishment for the family, utilities, garments, specialist's bills, medications, or even to consider going to class? As a result of the extraordinary typical cost for basic items for these individuals the entire family is compelled to work. An expected 200 and fifty million youngsters ages six to fourteen work for pennies daily with the goal that their families have food to eat and a spot to live. One portion of these kids work all day. 85% of these youngsters originate from Asia and Africa. These kids don’t need to be working, yet their folks typically compel them to. Along these lines, the kids pass up the chance to be instructed. Keep in mind, youngsters are the future> And with a great many them bolted up, never figuring out how to peruse or compose, or even straightforward math abilities, what sort of future do we have? A large portion of these youngsters work as a result of neediness. In the event that your salary is high you will likely be picked to go to class, at the end of the day in the event that you have cash than you can go to class. A few youngsters work on the grounds that the schools are too packed for them to join in.

How to Handle Negative Customer Feedback

How to Handle Negative Customer Feedback In a perfect world everyone would like everybody else, and every business would be so well organized and service oriented, clients and customers would only ever give positive feedback. But the truth is that we don’t live in a perfect world, and people are often ultra-critical about other people and businesses, whether they offer services or sell goods. So if you’re about to launch a new business, be aware that you will get negative customer feedback as well, however hard you try to please.The good news, though, is that there are proven ways to handle negative customer feedback, and turn things around so that your business would learn and benefit from it.What you need to accept at the beginning is that it is clients and customers who usually make or break a business. It doesn’t matter which niche you choose to fill, without them, your business simply cannot succeed. This is exactly why customer service is such an important element of every business for entrepreneurs.Obviously, g ood products and services are also needed for any business to success. It is also a fact that it doesn’t matter whether the business is online, operating off a high street or even if the business owner works from home, the principles remain the same. © Shutterstock.com | kasahasaIn this article, we will show you that 1) negative feedback can be positive, and 2) how you can turn it into a positive engagement with the customer. We will discuss how you can assess problems and give guidance on how you should respond and give positive feedback to customers even if you were in the wrong. We will also show how you can use negative feedback to improve your business. There has been a lot of research on the 3) impact of negative customer feedback. With reference to a few of these studies, we will explain the dangers of ignoring negative feedback, and discuss the value of good customer service and show how it can help your business succeed and become more profitable.NEGATIVE FEEDBACK CAN BE POSITIVEIt doesn’t matter whether feedback from customers is positive or negative; you can usually turn it around and make it positive. Furthermore, it’s a whole lot easier to handle when you realize that negative feedback is inevitable and can prov ide your business with a unique opportunity to grow.Negative feedback isn’t always easy to deal with, while it’s much more comfortable dealing with compliments. Even if feedback is negative, customers are engaging with you. If they didn’t care, or it didn’t matter, they wouldn’t bother. Also, the fact that people leave negative feedback doesn’t necessarily mean that you are in the wrong. But if you are wrong, you’ve been handed a golden opportunity to get it right next time.When you receive a negative feedback, the secret is to assess the problem, respond immediately in a sincere and respectful manner, and then do whatever you can to either rectify the problem within your business, or explain to the customer that their feedback wasn’t justified. If you respond straight away and show that you care about your customers and their complaints (even if they aren’t justified), you’re likely to keep those customers and continue to build a stronger business. More details on this process are below.One thing you must never do is to ignore negative comments and reviews. It’s not only the customers who have made the negative statements who are watching you. If you are operating on a public forum â€" social media for instance â€" your audience could be huge, which could help you turn negative feedback into a positive marketing plan.TURN NEGATIVE FEEDBACK INTO POSITIVE ENGAGEMENTThere is an old saying that the customer is always right. Of course this is nonsense, nobody is always right. But the quickest way to lose a customer is to tell vehemently that person they are wrong.Here are six powerful ways you can turn negative feedback into positive engagement.1) Assess the ProblemAny form of feedback is generated from something that relates to the goods or services involved with your business. There is no doubt that you as entrepreneur who maintains good human relations will be sensitive to people’s needs (in terms of both employees and customers). In tur n, your employees are more likely to provide the best possible customer service to those they deal with. But this doesn’t mean they will always be in the right.To assess whether the customer is right or wrong about a complaint, you need to understand the trigger. It is important to recognize why a customer is providing negative feedback. You need to find out what has upset that person and what they believe is wrong. Often asking the question is a good way to understand the reasons for customer unsatisfaction. Often customers will rant and rave and not spell out exactly what has occurred. For instance, negative feedback might simply state that the products sold are sub-standard, or that the company doesn’t do business in a professional manner. In this event, it’s quite acceptable first to ask for more information so that you can find out what, in fact, has happened.Apart from anything else, if you ignore negative feedback, there’s a good chance you’ll find another customer giving similar negative feedback in future. Similarly, those who are happy with your products and/or services are much more likely to recommend the business to others, and keep using it. By assessing the feedback in a positive manner, you can do something about the source of the problem, and either prevent it happening again or know why people react negatively. Either way, by objectively assessing the problem, you can pre-empt a similar situation happening in future.2) Respond Immediately But Don’t ReactIt’s human nature to react when we get negative feedback, either about ourselves, our families, people we care about or our businesses and business dealings. While it is essential to respond quickl and nowadays, it is very easy to respond immediately, it is equally important not to react defensively and to allow just a little time to respond appropriately. Think carefully about what you plan to say, and if needed, bounce your response off someone you know and trust. Don’t wait days, but do wait until you have absorbed what has been said and determined how fair the criticism is. If you are answering negative feedback telephonically or via email, your comments will be relatively private. If you are responding via social media, Facebook, for instance, then be aware that other people will see your comments and this may lead to further negative comment.3) Respond Sincerely, Respectfully, and ThankfullyWhatever you decide to say, make sure that your response is respectful and sincere. You want your customers to know that you really do care about them. You should also thank them for the feedback, even if it is awful. Put yourself in their shoes, and remember the maxim: The customer is always right. It might be difficult, but if you respect your customers and deal with them in a polite and thankful manner, you will ultimately benefit.While it certainly does take time for entrepreneurs and business owners (and their trusted employees) to respond to comments from c ustomers, you will find it is worth the time and effort since you can use this as an invaluable tool to boost customer retention and support. In fact if you bother to respond to all the negative comments you get, you are going to be amazed at the results.4) Correct Customers if Their Feedback is WrongHaving said that customers are always right, there are some situations when they aren’t. And in this situation you have every right to correct them. But first you need to assess the situation objectively. However hard it is to swallow, negative feedback is often totally justified, whether the business is a new one or whether it has been established and operating successfully for many years. Friends, family, and colleagues can all help you decide whether the feedback is essentially right or wrong.Sometimes it even pays to rectify a situation even when a customer is wrong. You don’t have to, but it is a known marketing benefit that can persuade potential new customers that you are the best in your business niche.If you were in fact “wrong” and their negative feedback was justified, a good approach is to ask customers how they think you can improve their business experience.5) Take The Opportunity to Improve Your BusinessNegative feedback of your customers does, perhaps strangely, offer a unique opportunity to improve a business. While positive feedback is certainly encouraging and inspirational, negative feedback is a direct guideline that can help you improve your business. It can also have a direct result on profits. In fact, even when you don’t get feedback from customers it’s a good business strategy to look for it. You can contact customers directly, or use a social media platform to solicit feedback. The latter is an amazing tool because you can share your actions with so many people, and in this way increase your customer base, sometimes exponentially.Another important factor to consider is that when customers aren’t satisfied, you need to give them reasons they should give you and your business another chance. You should also take the opportunity to communicate the fact that you have resolved whatever issues you had. At the end of the day, a key factor is that negative comments and reviews are less important than the way you and your company respond to the feedback.6) Follow-Up to Show You CareOnce you have made contact with a dissatisfied customer, don’t leave it there. You need to follow-up to show that you actually do care. Contact the person â€" or business â€" to ensure that they are happy with the steps that you have taken to rectify what they thought was wrong. This will show your customers that you are committed to delivering the very best services or products.Although it will not make you feel any better about the negative feedback you have received from customers, but it will help you to create a culture that will embrace both good and bad feedback and show that you’re in the business for the long haul.IMPAC T OF NEGATIVE CUSTOMER FEEDBACKNegative customer feedback is what will stick if nothing is done about it. More often than not, if you respond (as discussed above) then you can turn it around, and convert it into positive engagement. Research proves this. In fact, it has been shown that when customers see positive reviews next to negative ones, positivity almost always wins over negativity.Harris, a survey company that has operated online polls internationally for more than 45 years, tracked customers who had posted negative feedback on social networks and company websites that allow comments. Of these, 68 percent said they had received a response from the company, and 18 percent of these had subsequently become loyal customers. Further, 34 percent of these people deleted their original negative review while 33 percent posted a positive review as a result of the response they got.1) Consumers Share Bad ExperiencesA survey that looked at the vital importance of good customer service f ound that more people share bad consumer experiences than good ones. The survey, which involved 1,046 participants, was conducted by an independent market research firm, Dimensional Research. It found that 58 percent more customers are likely to give feedback about their experiences than they were five years ago.The survey also found that:Quick customer service was important;95 percent shared bad customer experiences while only 87 percent shared good experiences;54 percent shared bad experiences with more than five people while only 33 percent shared their good experiences;39 percent said they continued to avoid businesses for at least two years after a bad experience; only 24 percent went back to businesses to buy things for more than two years, even though their experience had been good;72 percent said their negative experience included having to explain the problem they had with lots of different people.Knowing that consumers will share bad experiences should drive your business to resolve problems as quickly as possible to minimize the negative impact in future.2) How Bad Customer Service Experiences Harm BusinessBad customer service can do a lot of harm to any business, particularly smaller businesses that rely to a large extent on word-of-mouth referrals. Since a growing number of customers are known to share bad experiences, it follows that negative customer service experiences can alienate existing and prospecting customers. It can also have a substantial impact on the potential of the business to attract new customers.If current customers find that service levels deteriorate, you are likely to lose them. If potential customers are faced with a bad customer service experience, as illustrated in the video above, you are likely to lose them before they start doing business with you. For instance, a new, potential customer is not likely to be forgiving if they are ignored or if employees cannot provide the information or service they expect. They are more likely to leave and go elsewhere. And it won’t stop there. As research shows, consumers who have unpleasant experiences will be very likely to share their negative experiences with family, friends, or with a multitude of people they don’t know by leaving negative feedback on social media and company websites.If the staff turnover is high, the reason for poor customer service is a lack of training of new employees. Further, because bad customer service impacts customers and turns them away, this commonly has a direct impact on profits and can be costly for your company. For this reason, staff training and quality control of goods and services is paramount.3) The Value of Good Customer ServiceIn general, customers hate bad service. They don’t like being ignored; forced to stand in long queues; left holding on automated phone lines waiting to be attended to; and the average person will get irritated or angry if confronted by rudeness.Whether buying a product or utilizing a servi ce, customers will do business with individuals and companies that provide a good service or product in their price range. They might not give positive feedback when customer service is good. But chances are you will develop their loyalty so that they come back and at very least mention your business to others.Another proven factor is that customers who are unhappy about the service delivered to them are expensive. In addition to the possibility of them giving negative feedback, they are also more likely to return goods or need additional support if a service is poor. So ultimately, a good customer experience is going to help increase revenue and, therefore, improve profits in your business.4) How Good Customer Service Helps Business SucceedGood customer service can be one of the most powerful forms of marketing a business. It should also form a pivotal part of entrepreneurial philosophy. Remember that a business is nothing without customers. But by meeting their needs and keeping y our customers happy, you can grow your business.Communication is also a vital tool, and of course good communication is part of good customer service. Get customer service right, and you’ll be assured of positive feedback from customers as well as word-of-mouth recommendations â€" bearing in mind that this is one of the most powerful means of advertising.People value sincerity, and they respond positively towards it. If you listen to your customers and deliver what they want, anticipating their needs and providing solutions to any problems they may have, you are providing a good customer service. If things go wrong, and you apologize and set things right, you’re providing a good customer service.The bottom line is that those businesses that respond to negative feedback promptly and genuinely will benefit. Those who ignore negative feedback are likely to suffer.

Drafting an Obscenity and Profanity Policy for Schools

Obscenity and profanity have become significant issues that schools must get a handle on. Profanity especially has become a problem in part because students hear their parents using words that are unacceptable at school and model what they do. Furthermore, pop culture has made it a more acceptable practice.  The entertainment industry, especially music, movies, and television glamorizes the use of obscenities and profanity.  Sadly, students are using profane words at a younger and younger age. Schools must have a strong policy to deter students from being profane or obscene primarily because they are often vulgar in nature, the use of these types of words/materials often leads to distractions, and can occasionally lead to fights or altercations. Educating our students is critical in eliminating or reducing the problem as is the case for almost any social issue. Students must be taught that there are other alternatives to using obscenities and profanity during school.  They must be taught that school is the wrong time and wrong place to practice the use of expletive language.  Some parents may allow their children to use profanity in the home, but they need to know that it will not be allowed or tolerated in school. They need to know that using inappropriate language is a choice. They can control their choices at school, or they will be held accountable. Many students are offended when other students use inappropriate language.  They are not exposed to it in their homes and do not make it a regular part of their vernacular. It is especially important for schools to teach older students to be respectful and mindful of younger students.  Schools must adopt a zero-tolerance stance when older students are knowingly using inappropriate language around younger students. Schools should have an expectation for all students to be respectful of one another.  Cursing in any form can be offensive and disrespectful to many students. If nothing else, all students should refrain from this practice because of this.  Ã‚  Getting a handle on the issue of obscenity and profanity will be an uphill and continuous battle.  Schools wanting to improve this area must draft a tough policy, educate their students on the policy, and then follow through with the assigned consequences no matter the context.  Once students see that you are cracking down on the issue, most will alter their vocabulary and comply because they do not want to be in trouble.   Obscenity and Profanity Policy Obscene materials including, but not limited to illustrations (drawings, painting, photographs, etc.) and oral or written materials (books, letters, poems, tapes, CDs, videos, etc.) which are commercially or student-produced are prohibited. Profanity including, but not limited to, gestures, symbols, verbal, written, etc. is prohibited during school and at all school-sponsored activities. There is one word that is strictly prohibited. The â€Å"F† word will not be tolerated under any circumstance. Any student who uses the â€Å"F† word in any context will automatically be suspended out of school for three days. All other forms of inappropriate language are highly discouraged. Students must choose their words carefully and consciously.  Students caught using obscenities or profanities will be subject to the following disciplinary code. 1st Offense - Verbal reprimand. Notice issued to parents.2nd Offense - 3 detention times.3rd Offense - 3 days in-school placementSubsequent Offenses - 3 days out-of-school suspension.

Everything You Need to Know About Ionic Columns

Ionic is one of three column styles builders used in ancient Greece and the Ionic order is one of five classical orders of architecture. More slender and more ornate than the masculine Doric style, an Ionic column has scroll-shaped ornaments on the capital, which sits at the top of the column shaft. Ionic columns are said to be a more feminine response to the earlier Doric order. The ancient Roman military architect Vitruvius (c. 70-15 BC) wrote that Ionic design was an appropriate combination of the severity of the Doric and the delicacy of the Corinthian. Architectural styles that use Ionic columns include Classical, Renaissance, and Neoclassical. Characteristics of an Ionic Column Ionic columns are easy to recognize at first glance in part because of their volutes. A volute is the distinctive spiral whorl design, like a spiral shell, characteristic of the Ionic capital. This design feature, stately and ornate as it may be, presented plenty of problems for early architects. The Volute The curvy embellishments decorating an Ionic capital create an inherent structural problem—how can a circular column accommodate a linear capital? In response, some Ionic columns end up being two-sided with one very wide pair of volutes, while others squeeze in four sides or two narrower pairs atop the shaft. Some Ionian architects considered the latter design preferable for its symmetry. But how did the volute come to be? Volutes and their origin have been described in many ways. Perhaps they are decorative scrolls meant to symbolize long-distance communication developments of ancient Greece. Some refer to volutes as curly hair atop a slender shaft or even a rams horn, but these musings do little to explain where the ornaments come from. Others say that the capital design of an Ionic Column represents a key feature of feminine biology—the ovaries. With egg-and-dart decoration between the volutes, this fertile explanation shouldnt be quickly dismissed. Other Features Though Ionic columns are most easily recognizable for their volutes, they feature other unique characteristics that set them apart from Doric and Corinthian equivalents as well. These include: A base of stacked disksShafts that are usually flutedShafts that can be flared at both the top and bottomEgg-and-dart designs between the volutesRelatively flat capitals. Vitruvius once said that the height of the Ionic capital is only one-third of the thickness of the column Ionic Column History Though the inspiration behind the Ionic style is unknown, its origins are well-recorded. The design originated in 6th century BC Ionia, an eastern region of Ancient Greece. This area is not referred to as the Ionian Sea today but is part of the Aegean Sea, east of the mainland where the Dorians lived. Ionians migrated from the mainland in about 1200 BC. The Ionic design originated around 565 BC from the Ionian Greeks, an ancient tribe that spoke the Ionian dialect and lived in cities around an area now called Turkey. Two early examples of Ionic columns still stand in present-day Turkey: the Temple of Hera at Samos (c. 565 BC) and the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus (c. 325 BC). These two cities are often destination points for Greece and Turkey Mediterranean Cruises due to their architectural and cultural splendor. Two hundred years after their isolated beginning, Ionic columns were built on the mainland of Greece. The Propylaia (c. 435 BC), the Temple of Athena Nike (c. 425 BC), and the Erechtheum (c. 405 BC) are early examples of Ionic columns in Athens. Architects of Ionia There were a number of principal Ionian architects that contributed to the success of the Ionian style. Priene, an Ionian city of Ancient Greece located on the western shores of what is now Turkey, was home to the philosopher Bias and other significant Ionian designers, such as: Pytheos (c. 350 BC): Vitruvius once called Pytheos the celebrated builder of the temple of Minerva. Known today as a shrine to the Greek goddess Athena, the Temple of Athena Polias, along with the Mausoleum at Halikarnassos, was built by Pytheos in the Ionic Order.Hermogenes (c. 200 BC): Like Pytheos, Hermogenes of Priene argued for the symmetry of the Ionic over the Doric. His most famous works include the Temple of Artemis in Magnesia on the Maeander—even grander than the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus—and the Temple of Dionysos in the Ionian city of Teos. Buildings with Ionic Columns Western architecture is filled with examples of Ionic columns. This column style can be found in some of the most prestigious and historic buildings in the world, such as the following examples. The Colosseum in Rome: The Colosseum highlights a blend of architectural styles. Built in 80 AD, this building features Doric columns on the first level, Ionic columns on the second level, and Corinthian columns on the third level.Basilica Palladiana: The European Renaissance of the 1400s and 1500s was a period of Classical reawakening, which explains why architecture such as the Basilica Palladiana can be seen with Ionic columns on the upper level and Doric columns below.Jefferson Memorial: In the United States, Neoclassic architecture in Washington, D.C. shows off Ionic columns most notably on the Jefferson Memorial.U.S. Department of the Treasury: The U.S. Treasury Building, after its first two iterations being destroyed by separate fires, was rebuilt into the building that still stands in 1869. The facades of the North, South, and West wings feature 36-foot-tall Ionic columns. Sources â€Å"History of the Treasury Building.†Ã‚  U.S. Department of the Treasury, U.S. Government, 27 July 2011.Pollio, Marcus Vitruvius. â€Å"Books I and IV.†Ã‚  The Ten Books on Architecture, translated by Morris Hickey Morgan, Dover Publications, 1960.Turner, Jane, editor. â€Å"Architectural Orders.†Ã‚  The Dictionary of Art, vol. 23, Grove, 1996, pp. 477–494.

Ifrs 10 Application to Hyundai and Kia Free Essays

string(24) " the total volume of 2\." ————————————————- ACCT333 Advanced Financial Accounting ————————————————- Group Project Assignment (IFRS 10) Cheong Wang Shen Gordon Prepared for: Prof Bernardine Low Prepared by: Gordon Cheong Wang Shen Jason Tan Zhu En Twain Teo Wei Ren Wee Huixiang (G4) Table of Contents Question 1: IFRS 10 flowchart3 Question 25 (a) Identifying ambiguity of control5 Background5 Control issues5 Co-owning of subsidiaries5 Inter-company director relations6 Same platform manufacturing6 b) (c) Application of IFRS 10 flowchart to determine existence of control by Hyundai7 Step 1: Determine the purpose and design of investee (Kia)7 Step 2: Determine relevant activities7 Step 3: Determination of ability to direct relevant activities8 Step 4: Determine if exposed to variable returns9 Step 5: Determine if Hyundai is a principal or an agent10 Question 310 Identification of four requirements in IFRS 10 that are challenging to interpret and apply10 Considering the purpose and design of the investee10 Determining the relative size of voting rights11 Considering related parties12 Determining if investor is a principal or agent12 References14 Question 1: IFRS 10 flowchart Question 2 (a) Identifying ambiguity of control Background The Hyundai Motor Company (hereafter referred to as Hyundai) is a multinational automaker based in Seoul, South Korea. Hyundai is one of the two best-known divisions of the global conglomerate Hyundai, the other being Hyundai Heavy Industries, the largest shipbuilder globally. A famous Korean businessman, Chung Ju-yung, founded Hyundai in 1974. We will write a custom essay sample on Ifrs 10 Application to Hyundai and Kia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Following the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997, Hyundai bought over Kia Motors Corporation (hereafter referred to as Kia) in 1998, which resulted in the formation of the Hyundai Kia Automotive Group (HKAG). It consists of multiple affiliated companies related through complex shareholding agreements, although Hyundai is taken to be the de facto representative in transactions done with HKAG. During the acquisition of Kia in 1998, Hyundai out-bidded Ford motors to acquire 51% of the company’s shareholding. After a series of divestments over the years, the total ownership of Hyundai in Kia has been reduced to only 33. 5%. Hyundai and Kia are both listed individually on the Korean Stock Exchange. In 2008, Hyundai was ranked the 8th largest automaker in the world. It was also the fastest growing automaker globally for 2 consecutive years (2010 and 2011). The chairman and CEO of Hyundai is Chung Mong-koo, one of the surviving sons of Chung Ju-yung. Control issues Hyundai currently has a 33. 75% direct shareholding in Kia, with the remaining shareholdings being presumably widely dispersed. As such, it evidently has significant influence over the operations and running of Kia’s business. However, establishing direct control between Hyundai and Kia is not as straightforward. There are a number of issues that we have to look at. Co-owning of subsidiaries Hyundai and Kia co-own a large number of subsidiaries. As evidenced by the 2010 consolidated financials of Hyundai, the global branches of the Kia Motors Group are 100% held by Hyundai through Kia themselves. Both companies also have percentage ownership in Hyundai’s various component manufacturing companies like Hyundai HYSCO Company Limited and Hyundai Powertech Company Limited. Aside from this, they also have holdings in Autoever Systems Corporation, where their main Research and Development unit is located. Inter-company director relations The current Chairman and CEO of HMC is Chung Mong-koo. He took over Hyundai in 1992 when the Hyundai Group split into its various divisions. The Hyundai group itself follows a South Korean Business form of conglomerate known as chaebol, where the unique characteristic is that it is usually a huge family controlled corporate group. As such, it is not surprising to see that many of the third generation members of Chung Ju-yung’s family are heading many of the different divisions of the Hyundai Group. Chung Mong-koo’s only son, Chung Eui-sun was a key operating officer in various corporate planning divisions in Hyundai-Kia before eventually heading Kia as its president from 2005 to 2009. Currently, he is the vice chairman of Hyundai and is on the internal board of directors for Kia. Aside from this, Chung Mong-koo also has a 5% shareholding in Kia. Same platform manufacturing Both Hyundai and Kia co-own manufacturing subsidiaries that produce component parts to both companies. As a result, their production facilities get the similar component parts from the same suppliers. The companies also use the same power trains (engines and transmissions) all manufactured largely from the Hyundai Powertech Company Limited. A majority of the automobile electronic components from both brands also come from Hyundai MOBIS Limited. Both these companies are co-owned subsidiaries of Hyundai and Kia. Both Hyundai and Kia also share design studios. In fact, the vice president of design based in HMC actually oversees the design management of both brands. The family controlled heading of both Hyundai and Kia allows us to consider the possibility of Hyundai having a controlling influence over Kia, especially with Chung Eui-sun’s dual positions on both companies’ board of directors. Furthermore, given the fact that both companies virtually sprout from the same supply chain, and control over their research and development and design of the vehicles are headed by staff based in Hyundai, we can see hat these revenue generating activities greatly affect the business operations of both companies. Even though Kia is clearly not a subsidiary at first glance, given the meagre 33. 75% ownership by Hyundai, it would appear that Hyundai may be exerting more than just significant influence over Kia through the various factors mentioned. (b) (c) Application of IFRS 10 flowchart to determine existence of control by Hyundai Step 1: Determine the purpose and design of investee (Kia) Hyundai purchased shares in Kia for 1. 18 trillion won in November 1998. The purpose of this acquisition in Kia is for Hyundai to gain significant foothold and widen its market share in the auto industry. By taking over Kia Motor, the Hyundai-Kia group was able to forge a solid position having over 70% of domestic market share and become the 7th or 8th global automaker by combining its affiliates’ production capacity into the total volume of 2. You read "Ifrs 10 Application to Hyundai and Kia" in category "Essay examples" 9 million units in 1999. Step 2: Determine relevant activities Activities| Does it significantly affect investees’ returns – relevant activities? | Example of decisions about relevant activities| How decisions about relevant activities are made? Research and development| Yes| Reduce the number of platforms to 718 by the end of 2005, in order to save the costs of product development and manufacturing and produce a variety of car models having differing external styling and interior options for the brands of Hyundai an d Kia| Decisions are made by a joint RD Division led by the Chief Technology Officer (for Hyundai and Kia combined)| Auto-assembly| Yes| Which type of vehicle that each plant should produce? Whether Hyundai and Kia should share power-train parts (i. e. engine and transmission) to be supplied to assembly plantsWhether Hyundai and Kia should share production technology| Decisions are made by top management of the Hyundai-Kia group, where the de facto representative is Hyundai| Auto parts supply| Yes| Which vendor should supply auto parts to the companies? How many vendors should they engage? | Decisions are made by Joint Material Handling Division that Hyundai and Kia set up| Marketing and competition| Yes| Whether to focus on price or non price competition such as customer service and product quality| Decisions are made by top management of the Hyundai-Kia group| Step 3: Determination of ability to direct relevant activities Hyundai owns 33. 75% of the shares in Kia Motors. In addition, Chung Eui-sun, the son of the Hyundai Motor Group Chairman, owns another 1. 73% of the shares. This presumably gives Hyundai control of 35. 48% of Kia Motors, which is significantly less than the 50% shareholding that would give Hyundai the majority of the voting rights. However, we are unable to find any evidence that anyone has control of a large proportion of the remaining shares, and thus we feel that the assumption that the rest of the shares in Kia are highly dispersed is a reasonable one. If that is the case, then it is almost impossible that all these shareholders will collectively outvote Hyundai when a decision needs to be made, so Hyundai can be said to have power over the relevant activities. Another factor to consider is that Mr Chung is both the vice chairman of Hyundai and an internal director of Kia. As Mr Chung sits on Kia’s board, he should have a certain amount of influence over Kia’s decision-making process. This factor, coupled with Hyundai’s holding of voting rights, lend much weight to the claim that Hyundai can direct the relevant activities. Last but not least, we notice from the table above that the Hyundai and Kia managements jointly make most decisions regarding relevant activities. In fact, Hyundai and Kia share almost the same supply chain. Many companies in the supply chain are subsidiaries or associates co-owned by these two parents. However, because Hyundai owns a larger portion of shares, and hence voting rights, in most of these entities, Kia is understandably at risk if it goes all out to oppose Hyundai in some way or another. It can be seen that when decisions are made, Hyundai is better represented because of both the presence of its management and its voting rights, and Kia would tend to concede ground to Hyundai when there are disagreements. So, even though Hyundai owns less than 50% of the shareholding in Kia, they probably still have enough power to direct the relevant activities. Step 4: Determine if exposed to variable returns If Hyundai has actual control of Kia, they will be exposed to returns, which can be positive, negative or both. Also these returns must be variable rather than fixed. The returns that Hyundai is exposed to can be classified into two categories: 1) Returns not available to other interest holders. This refers to cost savings and synergies that arise from Hyundai owning Kia, which other shareholders in Kia would not be entitled to. In this case, they are mostly in the form of cost savings, due to the similar operations of the two companies. Consolidation of RD centres of Hyundai and Kia, sharing of RD centres allowed both companies to lower costs by reducing number of employees in the RD centres * Products share similar core platforms leads to savings and economies of scale * Sharing of factories leads to further specialisation, for example, Kia’s Kwangju plant was designated as a specialised assembly plant for small-sized commercial vehicles for both Hyundai and Kia, leading to cost reduction * Sharing auto-part suppliers to apply greater pressure on suppliers for cost savings on supplies 2) Dividends Kia paid out 96 billion won in dividends in 2010 * Hyundai’s ownership of common stock entitles them to receive dividends from Kia. Thus, it can be seen that Hyundai meets all our requirements that would allow it to classify Kia as a subsidiary. Our last step would be to ensure that Hyundai is acting in the capacity of a principal, rather than that of an agent, which is holding delegated power. Step 5: Determine if Hyundai is a principal or an agent In determining whether Hyundai is acting as a principal or an agent, we need to consider four factors: 1) Scope of decision making authority * Unable to find information proving that Hyundai has any limits to the decisions it can make for Kia * Presumably, Hyundai can make most decisions for Kia 2) Rights held by other parties * No evidence of rights held by other parties 3) Exposure to variability of returns from investees * High cost savings due to economies of scale Many of Hyundai’s subsidiaries depend on Kia for revenue * Affected by dividends paid out by Kia 4) Remuneration * Almost solely dependent on dividends, which are highly variable * No actual fixed remuneration In consideration of all the four factors, Hyundai is most likely a principal and not an agent. Hence we can reasonably conclude, after thorough application of the framework, that Kia is a subsidiary of Hyundai. Question 3 Identification of four requirements in IFRS 10 that are challenging to interpret and apply Considering the purpose and design of the investee Paragraph B5 of IFRS 10 explains that â€Å"when assessing control of an investee, an investor shall consider the purpose and design of the investee in order to identify the relevant activities, how decisions about the relevant activities are made, who has the current ability to direct those activities and who receives returns from those activities†. Paragraphs B51-B53 then goes on to explain the factors to be considered when determining the purpose and design of the investee. However, IFRS 10 does not explain how the purpose and design of the investee can be used to â€Å"identify the relevant activities, how decisions about the relevant activities are made, who has the current ability to direct those activities and who receives returns from those activities†, which paragraph B5 suggested. A simplistic scenario is given in paragraph B6, whereby the investee is controlled by means of equity investments. Beyond this straightforward case, paragraph B7 directs readers back to the factors listed in B3 to determine control (relevant activities, ability to direct relevant activities, variable returns and ability to use power over investee to affect returns). Furthermore, the factors provided in paragraphs B51-B53 are hard to determine and require much professional judgment. For instance, paragraph B51 states that in the process of assessing the purpose and design, we â€Å"evaluate whether the transaction terms and features of the involvement (at investee’s inception) provide the investor with rights that are sufficient to give it power†. No conclusive elaboration is provided by IFRS 10, and it is uncertain whether being involved in the investee’s inception signifies control. This creates much ambiguity and inconsistent interpretation across firms. Rather than making it seem like an isolated step with little purpose, IFRS 10 should provide clearer guidance for the objective of determining the purpose and design of the investee. Clearer linkages, between the consideration of purpose and design of investee and the other factors to be considered when determining control, could also be provided to improve the flow of IFRS 10. Furthermore, more comprehensive and conclusive guidelines could be included to standardise the interpretation of the purpose and design of the investee. Determining the relative size of voting rights According to paragraph B42, an investor can consider the size of its holding of voting rights relative to the size and dispersion of other holdings of the other vote holders to determine whether its rights are sufficient to give it power. However, because relativity encompasses the use of personal judgement, this section may be open to manipulation. In Hyundai’s case, it holds around 35% of the voting rights, including those held by its vice chairman, Chung Eui-sun. If the rest of the voting rights are very widely dispersed, with nobody else holding more than 1%, Hyundai can say that it has control because it is very improbable that all the other parties will come together to collectively outvote Hyundai. On the other hand, Hyundai can also claim that there is still a possibility that the other shareholders will collectively vote against Hyundai if it introduces a policy that does not benefit them, so in that case, Hyundai does not have control. We notice that the voting structure remains the same, yet different interpretations can be derived. Paragraph B42 also says that other circumstances, such as voting patterns at previous shareholders’ meetings, can be considered, but it is hard to say if the historical patterns are able to predict the future. Shareholders might not have voted in previous meetings because there were no major decisions that affected them, but if Hyundai intends to propose something revolutionary, the voting situation will definitely change. IFRS 10 can provide more detailed guidance to ensure that this section is applied appropriately and consistently. For example, when determining how widely dispersed the rest of the voting rights are, an investor should consider only the next 10 largest shareholders. If their combined holding is larger than that of the investor, then the investor does not have control based on this requirement alone. When assessing previous voting patterns, the investor should only look at shareholders’ meetings where issues of similar impact were raised. If previous meetings did not encompass such issues, then the voting patterns for those meetings cannot be considered. Considering related parties Paragraph B18 states that an investor can consider whether the investee’s key management personnel are related parties of the investor when determining if the investor has the practical ability to direct relevant activities unilaterally. However, it does not specify how much influence the related parties must have over the investee, so this may not always be a good indicator of power. For example, Hyundai’s vice chairman, Chung Eui-sun, is also on Kia’s internal board of directors. According to paragraph B18, this should provide evidence that Hyundai has power over Kia. But in order to determine whether Hyundai can direct relevant activities through Chung Eui-sun, we must also consider the amount of influence that he has over Kia’s decision-making process. Kia has 9 directors on its board, of whom two are also presidents in the company, so Chung Eui-sun may not always have his way. If the investor does not take this into consideration, then the determination of control would be flawed. In that sense, this requirement would be more complete if guidance on the influence commanded by related parties was given. Instead of only determining whether there are related parties in the investee’s governing bodies, the investor should also take into account the role and power of the related parties. If the related parties have the final say when it comes to decision-making over relevant activities, then this factor can conclusively determine that the investor has power. But if the related parties do not have the final say, then only a minimal weight should be placed on this factor. Determining if investor is a principal or agent Being able to determine if the investor is a principal or an agent is crucial to determining whether the investor has control over the investee. A principal would have power over the investee, but an agent would only have delegated power. Delegated power is held on behalf of a third party who ultimately controls the investee. The method prescribed in IFRS 10 for determining if a decision maker is an agent is the consideration of the factors listed in paragraph B60. Upon further elaboration of the factors, IFRS 10 provides certain cases where the investee is definitely a principal or an agent. For example, paragraph B70 states that â€Å"a decision maker cannot be an agent unless the conditions set out in paragraph B69 (a) and (b) are present. † However, if none of these extreme conditions are met, we must assume that we would have to take all five conditions into account when trying to decide if the investor is an agent. However, there is no prescription in IFRS 10 about how to consider these conditions. In a situation where some of the conditions point towards the investor being an agent and some point towards them being a principal, there is a certain amount of ambiguity in whether the investor should be classified as a principal or an agent. This gives the company some leeway in choosing the decision that would reflect a better financial position of the firm. This could lead to reduced accuracy of financial statements and less comparability among financial statements of different companies. To make this requirement easier to interpret and apply, IFRS 10 should clearly state the relative importance of each factor. For example, the factors which are given a higher relative importance would have a higher influence on whether the company is a principal or an agent, as compared to those with a lower importance. As such, in ambiguous cases, companies will know which factors should be considered first. Given this, all companies will have more similar definitions of principal/agent, thereby reducing the ambiguity and increasing comparability among different financial statements. References 1) Hyundai 2010 Annual Report http://worldwide. hyundai. com/company-overview/investor-relations/financial-information-Annual-Report-view. aspx? idx=13nCurPage=1ListNum=11 2) Kia 2010 Annual Report http://www. kmcir. com/eng/library/annual. asp 3) Merger and Reconfiguring of Hyundai-Kia (Byoung-Hoon Lee, Sung Jae Cho) http://gerpisa. org/rencontre/9. rencontre/S13Lee-Cho. pdf 4) HYUNDAI MOTORS’ DE-CHAEBOLIZATION EFFECTS (Hyunjoong Jun) http://gerpisa. org/rencontre/9. rencontre/S13Jun. pdf How to cite Ifrs 10 Application to Hyundai and Kia, Essay examples

Romeo and Juliet Business Letter free essay sample

This can be one of the many explanations as to why Romeo and Juliet hurried their relationship so quickly and did not hesitate to stop and consider the consequences of their actions. This proposition can also lead to another suggestion about Romeo and Juliet’s behavior. Even though the prefrontal cortex and many other sections of the brain are not fully developed till much later on, the nucleus accumbens is developed rather well during the teenage years (Edmonds). Scientist Molly Edmonds states that the nucleus accumbens in the area of the brain that seeks pleasure or reward (Edmonds). Both Romeo and Juliet knew that there would be horrific consequences due to their decision to get married, but their brain did not recognize the delayed satisfaction, and so Romeo and Juliet carried out their marriage even after knowing the consequences for that little moment of pleasure. Consequently, during puberty in a teenager, there is usually an overproduction of cells in the brain (â€Å"Inside the Teenage Brain†). We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet Business Letter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This causes sections in the brain to take control of smaller areas in the, and because of this, hasty decisions are made and teens often get aggravated more easily brain (â€Å"Inside the Teenage Brain†). Thus, Romeo and Juliet, being in their teenage years, could have had an overproduction of cells and may have been disobedient because of this.. Edmond’s states, â€Å"This is also around the time when teenagers get behind the wheel of a  car  for the first time, as well as when they might be engaging in  sexual behaviors† (Edmonds). Romeo and Juliet, although not knowing the reason being, may have had the urges to behave in a sexual way, or even engage in sexual behaviors because of their sex hormones in puberty (Edmonds). Further on, it has been scientifically proven that a normal teenager’s brain definitely does not resemble a 20 year old’s brain (National Institute of Mental Health). One of the most obvious differences which were noticed in the scans of the brains was the amount of gray matter which was developed (National Institute of Mental Health). Scientifically speaking, researchers claim, â€Å"The scans revealed unexpectedly late changes in the volume of gray matter, which forms the thin, folding outer layer or cortex of the brain†¦Over the course of childhood, the volume of gray matter in the cortex increases and then declines† (National Institute of Mental Health). In other words, the scans which were completed implied that the parts of the brain that are accountable for emotions, impulses, and making decisions are the last to mature and fully grow (National Institute of Mental Health). This research helps prove that Romeo and Juliet are not completely to be blamed for the actions they made. I am not implying that what Romeo and Juliet did was not their fault, but what I am attempting to say is what they did and the decisions they made were not completely all their fault. The teenage years are by far the most difficult and intricate to deal with. Just remember, before completely blaming these teenagers, think about what was going through their minds at the time. I appreciate your time and effort for reading my letter. Sincerely, ___________

During The Seventeenth, Eighteenth And Part Of The Essays

During the Seventeenth, Eighteenth and part of the Nineteenth Century the White people of North America used the Black people of Africa as slaves to benefit their interests. White people created a climate of superiority of their race over the Black African race that in some places, still lingers on today. The American Civil War however, was a key turning point for the Black African race. Through their actions and the political actions of President Lincoln and his administration, Black Africans set a presedent for their freedom, equality and liberation. A very important aspect of Blacks proving themselves was that of the Black Man acting as a soldier in the Civil War. During the Civil War the official decision to use Blacks as soldiers in the Union Army was a slow gradual process and a series of strategic political decisions. The actual use of Blacks as soldiers in the Union Army was completed by a series of actions the Black Man performed that won him the respect of becoming a soldier. The two differ in that it was to President Lincoln's benefit to enlist Blacks as soldiers when he did. Whereas the later was the Black Man's will to fight for his freedom and prove himself as an equal human being. However, because the Black population was barred from entering the army under a 1792 law(4) the Black Man becoming a soldier was not officially recognized until late 1862. "There was strong anti-Black prejudice among most people in the free states, and in the loyal slave states the idea of arming the Black man was anthema"(1). This statement directly reflects the generally held fear White people had about putting Blacks on the fighting line of the armies in the Civil War. Whites felt that the Civil War was a war started upon the White Man's issues and what possible reason would the Black Man have for wanting to fight in this war. On the contrary The Black Man saw The Civil War as an opportunity to win freedom and gain respect(2). Blacks in the North who were free from slavery willingly pledged their service to fight in the Union Army however, their allegiance was denied by President Lincoln on political grounds. Lincoln realized that the issue of Black soldiers would be intolerable by the public and would not be accepted. Initially, the Union Army utilized Northern Blacks from the free states to relieve Whites from daily tasks that were essential to maintain the armies, thus freeing up White soldiers for battle. As the Union Armies began to move further into Confederate territory however, they encountered many runaway slave Blacks. These Blacks were the ones that contributed most to the Union effort. This was true for two reasons. First, there were many more Blacks in the South compared to the North, roughly four million compared to two hundred thousand. Secondly, the Black people in the South had more at stake, once they left the Confederate side to join The Union there was no turning back. Not only would they be deemed as trators but runaways as well and were likely to face death if they where caught.(3) In the beginning, when Union Armies would encounter runaway slaves they would either hold them until their owner retrieved them or they would return these people to the proper Confederate Officials(1). This became a major burden to the Union. Many generals did not want to be regarded as "slave catchers" they realized their duty to be much more. Because of this obstacle many Commanders enlisted the runaway Blacks for their services without the consent of the Lincoln Administration. One instance in particular, a precedent was set that would change the policy of using Blacks in the Union army. Brig. Gen. Benjamin Butler had encountered several runaway slaves. When A Confederate Officer under a flag of truce had come to retrieve the slaves, Butler refused on the grounds that slaves used by the Confederate Army during war was no different than the use of machinery or any other tool to aid in their progress. Therefore, the Slaves would be considered contraband just as any other tool would be(2). Shortly after this precedent was set The Lincoln Administration passed The Confiscation Act which stated that all Blacks encountered in confederate territory were to be taken in and used at the Commanders descretion(1). This proved to be a great help to the Union Army while a huge blow to the Confederates. The Union was gaining manpower in direct proportion to the Confederates loosing it. This alone played a huge factor in the success of the Union Armies. Eventually the confiscation of

Thermal Condutivity essays

Thermal Condutivity essays The objective of experiment #6 is to examine the thermal conductivity of lexan and glass. Ice was used to check for the insulation capacity. Thermal conduction is a term used to represent a form of heat transport due to interactions between ions, atoms, and molecules in a substance but at the same time the ions, atoms, and molecules are not being transferred. Metals are a good example of thermal conductivity because they have free electrons floating around. Heat is the change of kinetic energy which is transferred from one point to another because of the difference in temperature of these points. The unit for heat is joule (J). The formula to calculate the amount of heat conducted through material is: where Q is the heat conducted; A is the area where conduction takes place; T2- T1 is the difference of temperature between the top and bottom parts of the material; t is the total time that takes the conduction to take place; k is the thickness of the material; k is the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the specific material. The unit of k is Watt per meter-Kelvin (W/mK). The thermal conductivity of a material is important to civil engineers especially because when they build a building, they have to make sure they prevent heat flow between apartments by using materials for the walls that have small value of k. The apparatus used in experiment 6 was a steam generator. The tank of the steam generator (1 L) should be filled approximately  ¾ full of water and the dial should be set to 8. A slab of a specific material is put between a steam chamber and a block of ice in mold. The steam, coming from the steam generator, enters the chamber. As time passes by, a difference in temperature between the bottom and the top part of the material is reached. The melted ice is collected and measured in order to measure the heat transferred through the sample. The temperature insi ...

Understanding Challenges In The Third Sector Essay - 5

Understanding Challenges In The Third Sector - Essay Example Gettler (2007) suggests that voluntary organizations play a role in increasing public service delivery but the role of developing volunteer skills is a challenge to many of these organizations. Measurement of potential leaders in these organizations lies in the level of education they hold and not the skills they have acquired over time. Nurturing volunteer skills to produce skilled leaders is a good thing since it will make the provision of services to be efficient due to the involvement of highly skilled personnel. The public should realize that leaders in voluntary organizations do not have to have achieved MBAs to acquire leadership skills. The public has little knowledge on how modern charities work because of the ignorance and assumptions that we create for ourselves. The public should get more information concerning the organizational services offered, the people who work in these organizations and those who are paid and those who are not so as to know the organizational budgets (Gettler, 2007). Reducing the charities’ perception to the public based on warm feelings rather than evidence of good work will help us to understand more on the kind of services provided by the third sector. According to Gettler (2007) charities have a role to play in the public service delivery but not all public services and people need to have a good understanding of where the charities can deliver better services than the public sector and where it cannot. â€Å"It does not matter if the cat is black or white as long as it catches the mouse† Deng Xiao Ping (Evers and Laville, 2004). A leaf should be borrowed from this sayi ng to suggest that it does not matter who delivers the service as long as it is effectively delivered. Growing income and raising funds is one of the major challenges facing the third sector as a whole due to the fact that most organizations want to grow in their incomes since they tend to do

Value and Risk Management in Construction Essay

Value and Risk Management in Construction - Essay Example The value management exercises are basically carried out first in order to determine an exact cause which is responsible for constituting the values to the business mainly from delivery of any project. A preferred option is also identified and together with all other risks, there is a great chance of it to occur if any particular option is implemented. (Office of government commerce, 2003) Risk management mainly includes all the activities that are required for the identification and control of the risks that are related to the option of the preferred project. Successful risk management also requires a senior management commitment along with ownership and a thorough understanding of the whole process and also an active risk management regime that is reviewed on daily basis in a much constructive culture. Attitudes to the risk are known to have a significant effect on the overall success of the projects being carried. For instance, the main objective related to ‘not failing†™ will surely have a low tolerance for the risks of all kinds. Conversely speaking, the objective of ‘succeeding’ will also encourage the participants to become more innovative and to take more risks where necessary and to make an effort for monitoring along with management of the recognized risks. (Office of government commerce, 2003) If the talk in detail about the risk management mainly in the construction projects of my country, USA, it mainly involves: a proper identification and assessment of the risks mainly in terms of its impact along with probability, proper establishment, and maintenance of the joint risk register, it should have the concept and assurance of agreement by all the integrated project team members, establishment of the procedures that are required for active management and monitoring of the risks throughout the on-going project and the during occupation on the completion, to make sure that the members of the team are having a proper opportunity for engaging in a dialogue that is eventually going to promote an agreement of the appropriate and accurate allocation of the risk, proper updating of the risk information throughout the project which would surely ensure the control of the risks by proper planning of how the risks will be managed through the on-going project so that it could have an acceptable limit and lastly efficient allocation of the responsibility for proper management of each of the risks with the suitable party that will best their job. (Office of government commerce, 2003) Now talking about value in detail particularly in much broadest sense then its main is to benefit the client or in simpler words the project that is worth doing and which could also quantify in the main business terms, for example, this can be done by creating a better and an efficient working environment or even by improving the overall experience of the associated people during their workings. In this respect, value basically means to e nsure that the correct choices and decisions are being made mainly to obtain the optimum and the best possible balance of the benefit mainly in its relation to the overall cost and its risk.

Knowledge Attitude Practices Repeat Cesarean Health And Social Care Essay

Knowledge Attitude Practices Repeat Cesarean Health And Social Care Essay Cesarean delivery is defined as the birth of a fetus through incisions in the abdominal wall and uterine wall . An increase of in the cesarean delivery has been observed worldwide. However, the World Health Organization (WHO) states that no region in the world is justified in having a cesarean rate greater than 10 to 15%. According to the WHO, cesarean delivery rate of more than 15% is indicative of inappropriate use of resources . According to Department of Health, the Philippines 2006 national cesarean rate is 24%. In Davao Medical Center (DMC), the rate as of 2008 is recorded at 19% as depicted in the OB-Gyne departments annual cesarean review statistics. In the US, most common indication of cesarean section is repeat cesarean which accounts for 35% of all cases as reported by the United States Public Health Service. The rates have been steadily increasing due to a higher number of sections for fetal distress as electronic fetal monitoring has been used extensively for presumed fetal compromise, the many breech presentations delivered abdominally as well as the increasing acceptability of cesarean delivery by maternal request. Before the 1970s, deliveries by cesarean section were considered as an indication for cesarean section in the subsequent pregnancies, reflecting a concern that uterine scar tissue might rupture during labor. However, in the 1980s, the dictumonce a cesarean, always a cesarean, espoused by Craigin (1916) was revised in many countries, and a trial of labor in women with history of cesarean section was proposed as an attempt to reduce cesarean section rates. However, an apparent increase in the incidence of uterine rupture and concern about maternal and fetal safety have challenged the choice of vaginal delivery in women having a scarred uterus. As a consequence, clinicians are increasingly being faced in deciding the mode of delivery in pregnant women whose first delivery was by cesarean section. This scenario has also been observed in the Philippine setting. DMC, as a specific case, recorded increasing cesarean deliveries accounting to a third of all deliveries for 2008, of which, 11.53% for repeat CS while 19.8% for primary CS. In contrast, Vaginal Birth after Cesarean Section is a measly 1.2% of the total deliveries for 2008. This is due to the fact that patients who underwent VBAC were admitted for imminent delivery. Majority of these patients were not prepared during their prenatal visits and were unaware of the complications and risks of VBAC. The confounding reason of such practice is primarily economics: the high cost of undergoing an elective CS delivery as compared with the cost of vaginal delivery. These patients would rather risk undergoing VBAC without the benefit of intrapartum monitoring specifically for those attempting to deliver at lying-in clinics or at home. Based on the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) study, the incidence of uterine rupture is low at .2-.7% (Landon,2006). But despite its low incidence, ACOG guidelines on VBACS specifically mentioned that VBAC be performed in an institution where an obstetric, anesthesia, pediatric, and operating-room staff is available. This scenario provided impetus for the conceptualization of this study which is aimed at determining the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of repeat C-section patients and their willingness to undergo vaginal birth after C-section at DMC. Review of Related Literature In 2004, the number of C-sections had reached an all-time high, accounting for 29% of all births or 1 million babies (National Center for Health Statistics). This is despite the convention that vaginal delivery is associated with less maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality as compared with repeat cesarean section (Chauhan, 2004). For example, observational studies data from around 90,000 deliveries, have shown an increased risk of neonatal respiratory morbidity among term infants delivered by caesarean section (3.5-3.7%) compared with vaginal birth (0.5-1.4%). The following maternal risks significantly increase with increasing number of repeated caesarean deliveries: placenta accreta, injury to bladder, bowel or ureter, ileus, the need for postoperative ventilation, intensive care unit admission, hysterectomy, blood transfusion requiring four or more units and the duration of operative time and hospital stay (Russen et. al. 2004). Moreover, authors speculated that a prolonged inter-pregnancy interval may allow time for the previous cesarean delivery scar to reach its maximal tensile strength before the scar undergoes the mechanical stress and strain with a subsequent intrauterine pregnancy (Shipp et. al., 2000). Menacker et al. (2006) noted that cesarean rates fell between 1991 and 1996, and then began to rise rapidly. In 2004, over 29% of all births were by cesarean section. The rise in both the total and repeat cesarean rate has been widespread for women of all ages, races, medical indications, and for all infant gestational ages. The study also noted steep decrease in VBAC rate from 1996 to 2004 (see Figure 1). From this trend, the authors opined that the influence of recent medical opinion discouraging VBAC has had a strong effect on practice patterns, and had led to greater uniformity as well as a large increase in repeat cesarean deliveries by 2003. Figure 1 (Source: Menacker et al. pp. 236) The dramatic increase in cesarean sections over the past two decades has been significantly driven by repeat C-sections. In response, clinical guidelines recommending vaginal birth after cesarean-section (VBACS) have been promulgated by international organizations from different countries such as the United States, Canada, Europe, New Zealand and Australia. It is construed that adherence to these guidelines would reduce the number of repeat C-sections, lower the overall C-section rate and improve both the quality and the cost of health care. While these guidelines have received professional endorsement, their implementation has been clouded by issues of patient acceptance and provider payment. Neff (2004) discussed the risks and benefits of VBAC. Successful VBAC generally is associated with shorter maternal hospitalizations, fewer infections, less blood loss and fewer transfusions, and fewer thromboembolic events than cesarean delivery. However, a failed trial of labor may be associated with major maternal complications, such as hysterectomy, uterine rupture, operative injury, increased maternal infection, need for transfusion, and neonatal morbidity. Multiple cesarean deliveries are associated with an increased risk of placenta previa and accreta. With VBAC (Landon, 2004), the incidence of maternal death is extremely low. The incidence of perinatal death is less than 1 percent, and is more likely to occur during a trial of labor than an elective repeat cesarean delivery. Uterine rupture during a trial of labor after a previous cesarean delivery is a life-threatening complication directly associated with attempted VBAC. The patients obstetric history influences the risk of uterine rupture. A previous vaginal birth significantly reduces the risk of uterine rupture. Also, the longer the length of time between deliveries, the lower the risk of rupture. Women who attempt VBAC who have interdelivery intervals of less than 24 months have a two- to three-fold increased risk of uterine rupture compared with women whose interdelivery interval is more than 24 months. A study conducted Hopkins and Potter (1998) on C-sections patients in Brazil concluded that while many women fear the pain associated with childbirth and the consequences of a vaginal birth for the baby, they do not clamor for C-section delivery. Obstetricians were observed to have overplayed these fears to their advantage thereby overly estimating safety of C-section delivery. In fact, it has become a routine practice and is considered as safe or safer than a vaginal delivery. The study further documented that majority of first-time mothers in public and private hospitals wanted to deliver vaginally and considered vaginal birth superior in terms of recuperation. A majority believed that vaginal delivery does not have effect to their or their partners sexual life. Though majority was found to have considered normal childbirth more painful than a cesarean, but most also believed a cesarean causes a lot pain after the delivery. Less than 33% agreed that a cesarean is safer for the baby and less than 20% of women agreed that a C-section is safer for the woman. Objectives of the Study The objectives of the study are twofold: To come up with a profile of the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAPs) towards vaginal birth after C-section (VBACS) among repeat C-section patients Determine whether the KAPs of the respondents significantly influence their willingness to undergo VBACS Statement of the Problem This present study seeks answers to the following questions: What is the profile of the respondents in terms of their knowledge, attitudes and practices about VBACS? What is the frequency distribution of the respondents in terms of their willingness to undergo VBACS? Do the KAPs of the respondents significantly influence their acceptance to undergo VBAC in their next delivery? Does counseling about VBACS affect the respondents willingness to undergo vaginal birth after C-section? Conceptual framework It is hypothesized that the KAPs of the respondents toward VBAC significantly influence their willingness to deliver vaginally after having experienced C-section in their previous delivery. Significance of the Study The most common reason that a C-section is performed is that the woman has had a prior C-section delivery. DMC is not spared from the increasing trend of repeat C-section rate. Since vaginal delivery is undoubtedly associated with less maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality, not to mention, medical supplies and other hospital resources, there is a need to find ways in order to reduce repeat C-section rate in DMC. DMC, a tertiary and referral hospital in the Southern Mindanao Region, has no available data on KAPs of women towards VBACS. Thus, the range information that this investigation will generate could provide baseline information that can be used to design appropriate interventions aimed at reducing the overall C-section rate in the institution. One of which is by counseling and encouraging patients to undergo VBACS. One of the significant risks when considering VBACS is uterine rupture because it has been the belief and fear of many repeat cesarean patients that a previously scarred uterus is too weak to withstand trial of labor hence discouraging them from going into VBACS. The information that would be gathered from this study would be of help in counseling repeat C-section patients ante-nataly and post-nataly to enable them to plan their preferred spacing intervals for the subsequent pregnancies. This is because women with prior C-section birth is considered high risk and so to optimizing maternal well being and healthcare. Moreover, data about the knowledge, attitude and practices of patients who had prior CS birth on VBACS would be of help to assess the level of acceptance of these patients and hopefully allay their fears thereby coming up with the best informed choice. Lastly, the results of the investigation could spur future research in the subject VBACS. Dependent Variable The willingness of the respondents to undergo vaginal birth after cesarean section in their next delivery Independent Variables The profile of the respondents in terms of their knowledge, attitude and practices towards vaginal birth after cesarean section. MethodOLOGY Design A descriptive cross-sectional survey design would be employed to address the research questions. Setting Outpatient department of the OB clinic in Davao Medical Center Respondents and Sampling All patients who had a prior C-section birth seen at the high risk clinic of the DMC OB OPD will be included in the sampling frame from February to April 2010. The sample size will be determined using the model , where n is the sample size, N is the population size and e is the margin of error. Inclusion Criteria All patients who had a prior CS birth will be included in the study. Exclusion Criteria Patients who will not give their consent will be excluded from participating. Data Extraction The questionnaire will be pilot tested among ten patients with previous CS at the DMC OB OPD. A structured survey form will be used for gathering data about the respondents KAPs towards VBACS and their willingness to undergo vaginal delivery (see Attachment 1). The principal investigator (PI) will conduct a one-on-one administration of the survey form. Prior to gathering information pertinent to the questions in the survey, informed consent (see Attachment 2) will be secured by the PI. After data gathering, the principal investigator will counsel the respondents about VBACS, its indication and absolute contraindication, complications and the VBACS ACOG guidelines. A post-test question will be done on their willingness to undergo VBACS after being counseled. Ethical Consideration Approval from the hospital ethics committee will be sought before the study will be conducted. After thoroughly discussing the nature, methodology and objectives of the study to the respondent, a written consent will be asked from each participating patient. Data Analysis The KAPs of the respondents towards VBACS will be profiled using descriptive statistics such as the mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentage distribution. Their willingness to undergo vaginal delivery before and after counseling about VBACS will also be described using frequency and percentage distribution. Logistic regression analysis will be used to determine whether or not the KAPs of the respondents significantly influence their willingness to undergo VBACS. Time Frame The study will be conducted in February-April 2010. Budget Materials: 10,000.00 Miscellaneous: 8,000.00 Total: 18,000.00

Case Study †Catfish Dispute

â€Å"The Vietnamese catfish importers are enjoying the fruits of our work,† This was the main discontent of the domestic (US) catfish industry. Undoubtedly, the catfish farmers had put a lot of effort in improving the aquaculture technology to raise the catfish with better quality; thus, raised the demand of domestic market. At the same time, they had invested about US$50 million in the industry’s marketing. When catfish became the third favorite seafood of the American, leading to a total consumption of 275 million kilograms in 2000, it inevitably attracted people to get in the market.However, based on the fact that the US Congress had approved the U. S. -Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) with a reduction in tariff, it was the right for American importers to start the new business – importing Vietnamese catfish. The agreement was approved by the Congress due to the important reason: the trade benefits. To capture these benefits, they had to undertake the possible risks. Indeed, it was a fair game played by both parties. From the article, it was clear that one of the sources of discontent from domestic farmers was the quality considerations difference between the American-grew and Vietnam-grew catfish.The quality of US catfish is justified by the inspection of 17 federal agencies and can meet the standard of the Catfish Institute of America, whereas the Vietnamese catfish only need to pass the Food and Drug Administration’s approval. This preferential practice should not sustain. The authority should consider standardize the quality requirement of both places’ catfish, for example, make it compulsory for Vietnamese catfish products to undergo the same inspections as the US catfish. Or at least, ask for proof of quality issued by Vietnamese government for all imported catfish.

Embryonic Stem Cell Research is Morally and Medically Ethical Essay

Introduction Issue ( Background)   Science and technology have opened many doors of progress in all areas of business.   On such area far exceeds mere business and industry and touches upon human life itself.   The medical community has reached a point where it can quite possibly create new and healthy cells and organs to replace those that are damaged.   This process is made possible through embryonic stem cell research (ESCR). Embryonic stem cells, as suggested by the name are extracted from embryos that have been fertilized in a laboratory setting for use by sterile couples and then, for whatever reason, are donated for research.   These cells are about five days old (Stem Cell Basics).   The cells are then developed and grown in a culture medium and shipped to other laboratories for further research. These stem cells are special because they can be converted through genetic manipulation to be any type of cell desired. â€Å"To generate cultures of specific types of differentiated cells—heart muscle cells, blood cells, or nerve cells, for example—scientists try to control the differentiation of embryonic stem cells. They change the chemical composition of the culture medium, alter the surface of the culture dish, or modify the cells by inserting specific genes† (Stem Cell Basics).   The benefit of this process is that these new healthy cells can be used to replace defective or diseased cells in individuals, in effect curing them of certain ailments. Conflict, c. Stance and d. Enthymeme The controversy with this particular procedure stems from the fact that extracting these cells effectively kills the developing embryo, called at this stage a zygote.   Those who believe that these cells constitute a human being, liken the process of extracting stem cells to abortion and murder (Robinson).   Those that do not believe this way see the major medical benefits as outweighing the death of an unwanted and unused zygote.   Most of the arguments against ESCR are religious in nature while those that favor it are following pragmatic and realistic processes.   In light of the medically invaluable information and hope it provides, embryonic stem cell research should legally continue with full funding from the federal government.   II. Grounds  Ã‚   Even as focus has turned toward adult stem cell research, ESCR remains the most valuable and efficient way of utilizing stem cells for medical purposes.   In 2005, the United Kingdom announced that it was considering opening a stem cell bank using embryonic stem cells.   Its research team at the University of Cambridge found that only 150 human embryos would be needed to created genetic material for approximately two-thirds of the population.   The bank hopes to use these cells to replace â€Å"diseased or damaged tissue in conditions such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders† (Lita). Embryonic stem cells can help treat neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s and endocrinal disorders such as diabetes.   Embryonic stem cells can be transformed into dopamine-producing neurons because these stem cells can be transformed into virtually any body cell including nerve cells and pancreatic cells.   These cells can then begin producing dopamine or insulin as the case may be. (Kennell). Victims of spinal cord injuries may soon be able to regain motor control as the result of ESCR.   Preliminary research shows that it is possible to train embryonic stem cells to retrace neuro-motor pathways.   Douglas Kerr, M.D., Ph.D. of Johns Hopkins University notes that â€Å"This is proof of the principle that we can recapture what happens in early stages of motor neuron development and use that to repair damaged nervous systems†Ã‚   (Embryonic Stem Cells Repair Latent Motor Nerve). III. Warrant Despite its proven medical capabilities and hope for many other medical uses, ESCR has found virulent opposition from conservatives and the religious community.   Their arguments hinge on the use of a living human being as fodder for medical experimentation.   These arguments are suspect, even flawed, for several reasons, both philosophical and biological. Generally speaking, the more practical and pragmatic medical argument must be valued over the religious beliefs of some. First, many will argue for the analogy between ESCR and murder.   Many differences exist.   As stated earlier, the zygote in question is only five days old.   In no way could this particular cluster of cells contain life at this point – only the potential for life, which is basically the case whenever a woman and a man have intercourse.   Lawyers from the National Institute of Health agree, noting that â€Å"stem cells are incapable of growing into a complete person. They may be coaxed to develop into nerve cells or heart cells. But, at most, they can become an organ, not a complete living person. They cannot be considered a form of human life, even within the definition of pro-life supporters† (Robinson). Doctors even give biological explanations for this conclusion:     Ã¢â‚¬Å"Human embryos are defined as human organisms derived by fertilization from one or more gametes or diploid cells. Pluripotent stem cells are specialized subpopulation of cells capable of developing into most (ectoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm), but not all, human tissue and may be derived from human embryos†Ã‚   (Chesney).   Medically, even the cells are not the same. However, the zygotes are being stored indefinitely at in-vitro fertilization clinics.   For example, in the United States are over 350 fertility clinics that offer the in-vitro fertilization process.   When a women submits herself to the procedure, about 25 ova are removed from her body and fertilized with her husband’s (or other donor’s) sperm.   Only 2-4 of the embryos are used in the fertilization procedure and the rest are frozen in liquid nitrogen to save for later use.   Generally, these remaining 20 or so embryos stay in the clinic indefinitely.   Few couples use them all, and even fewer agree to donate them to other infertile couples. Many embryos die due to changes in temperature or movement, and some clinics even throw the excess embryos away or use them in training staff (Robinson).   The birth control pill blocks a fertilized ovum from implanting as does an intrauterine device (IUD).   These two devices, along with discarding the embryos or using them for training, also affect the potential for life but are not so reviled.   Moreover, the embryos’ ‘owners’ must always give consent to use these embryos for research; nobody is tricked during this process (Robinson). Basically, if these cells are not used for ESCR, they will ultimately be used for nothing. Second, many opponents argue that adult stem cell research (ASCR) could replace ESCR and save the embryos.   This is not yet the case, if it ever will be.   First of all, the nature of the stem cells are different in adults and in embryos.   Embryonic stem cells are more flexible and can become virtually any cell of any organ or tissue in the body.   Adult stem cells are much more limited and cannot even be found in many organs or tissues in the body. Moreover, adult stems cells are limited in number, even considered ‘minute’ in quantity and are very hard to identify.   Embryonic stem cells are easy to identify and exist in large, usable numbers.   Most importantly, embryonic stem cells are virtually blank, making them easy to manipulate into other tissues.   Adult stem cells can contain genetic defects or â€Å"DNA errors caused by replication or exposure to toxins† (Cohen). ESCR has been the focus of scientist for nearly two decades while ASCR has just begun to get some notice.   Because of the emergence of ASCR, the opponents want to completely ban ESCR, not understanding that it is the reason that ASCR is even possible.   However, because of the religious issues, ASCR is being forced into the limelight while ESCR has lost funding. As a result, Dr. Helen Blau, ironically an adult stem cell researcher at the Stanford University, argues that she feels â€Å"strongly we need embryonic stem cells. The answers are not just going to come from the adult stem cells and it would be extremely short-sighted to shift completely to just adult stem cells† (Cohen).   While adult stem cells may provide promise in the future, their use in the present is simply not as lucrative or promising as those of embryonic stem cells at this point in time. Backing and V. Conditions of rebuttal Most arguments in opposition to ESCR originate in the religious realm.   Dr. Dr. David Prentice,   professor of life sciences at Indiana State University and founder of Do No Harm, The Coalition of Americans for Research Ethics notes precisely this when he asserts, â€Å"The root of the debate really comes down to the ethical question of what’s the moral status of a human embryo.   Is it a person or is it a piece of property? And obviously we have no consensus on that in this country and I think that means we should not use taxpayer funds to fund this type of research†Ã‚   (Cohen). Yet, historically, this religious realm, when mixed with federal forces, has been squelched in other instances.   For example, removing the ten commandments from federal buildings, denying prayer in school, and eliminate swearing under God to affirming under oath in courtroom proceedings are just a few of the ways that the government has attempted to separate the church and the state.   Why is the religious conservative view allowed to proliferate here when it is not allowed to do so in other instances? Similarly, the force of this religious surge against ESCR is the loss of life.   While the beginning moment of human life is hugely debatable, does ESCR not also promote life?   Lawyers and medical ethicists in favor of ESCR note that â€Å"Stem cells have an enormous promise to benefit mankind — to save lives and cure or treat diseases. This generates a very strong moral imperative to explore their potential† (Robinson). Similarly, the conservative and religious opposition seems to even contradict their own opinion by not voicing concern about in-vitro fertilization clinics in general.   As noted above, clinics routinely destroy abandoned embryos by flushing them down drains, incinerating them, or exposing them to room temperature†Ã‚   (Hall).   Basically, unused, destroyed embryos number in the hundreds of thousands in fertility clinics across the country, but these clinics are not subjected to the political manipulation that ESCR is, which only uses a dozen or two embryos in the clinical setting. Furthermore, the â€Å"parents† of these embryos are never challenged.   The donors get to decide the fate of their unused embryos.   The choices are to leave them to the use of the clinic, to donate them or to destroy them.   Dr. Carl Herbert, president of the San Francisco Fertility Centers, notes that while this loss may seem harsh, it simply mimics the natural reproductive cycle. He points out that Out of all the embryos created by sexual intercourse, roughly 3 out of 4 do not last long enough to produce a baby. About half of the fertilized eggs are lost even before the woman misses her first period following conception† (Hall).   Dr. Marcelle Cedars, a fertility specialist at the University of California at San Francisco’s IVF clinic agrees.   He argues that it is â€Å"unrealistic to expect technology to do much better at preserving the lives of early-stage embryos. Human reproduction is a very inefficient process and it is difficult to afford a higher status to embryos than nature does† (Hall). Qualifier Of course nobody wants to believe that a promising medical science field could be corrupt or greedy.   Even ESCR should operate under certain moral guidelines. In no way should an embryo ever be used in any way except by that to which its donor consents.   In addition, donors should not create embryos for the sheer purpose to sell them to clinics, as the process should result as a by-product of extra embryos create for potential implantation and not create any additional embryos not for that purpose.   Finally, tricking or deceiving individuals into donating embryos or withholding information about their use would also be morally wrong. VII. Conclusion ESCR is not the enemy of the moral fiber of the United States.   It is a medically promising procedure that does not violate any right to life laws.   Religious opposition to certain issues will always exist, but in recent history, it has not been allowed in interfere with federal political, social or educational decision-making.   Clearly other possibilities and alternatives to ESCR may arise, but until these options are as viable as ESCR, they should not be allowed to interfere with the medical promise of this type of research. Works Cited Chesney, Russell et al. American Academy of Pediatrics, Human Embryo Research Committee   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   on Pediatric Research and Committee on Bioethics.   Pediatrics 108 (3), 3 Sept. 2001:     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   813-816.   Retrieved 1 April 2008 from   http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/ full/pediatrics;108/3/813 Cohen, Elizabeth.   Adult stem cells or embryonic? Scientists differ.   CNN.com/Health.   10   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   August 2001.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved 1 April 2008 from http://archives.cnn.com/2001/HEALTH/ 08/09/stem.cell.alternative/ Embryonic Stem Cells Repair Latent Motor Nerve.   Science Daily. 28 June 2006. Retrieved 1   Ã‚   April 2008 from http://stemcell.taragana.net/archive/embryonic-stem-cells-repair-latent-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   motor-nerve/ Hall, Carl T. â€Å"The forgotten embryo: Fertility clinics must store or destroy the surplus that is part   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   of the process.†   SF Gate News.   20 Aug. 2001. at: http://www.sfgate.com/ Kennell, David.   The promise of stem cell research. People’s Weekly World Newspapers.   29   Ã‚   July 2006.   Retrieved 1 April 2006 from http://www.pww.org/article/articleview/9582/1/332 Lita, Ana.   Embryonic Stem Cell Research: New Developments and Controversies.   MedBioWorld.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   10 October 2006.   Retrieved 1 April 2008 from http://www.medbioworld.com/ postgenomics_blog/?p=138 Robinson, B.A. Human Stem Cells – Ethical Concerns.   Religious Tolerance.   17 Oct. 2002.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Retrieved 1 April 2008 from http://www.religioustolerance.org/res_stem2.htm   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Stem Cell Basics.†Ã‚   The National Institutes of Health.   20 Feb. 2008.   Retrieved 1 April 2008 from http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/basics3.asp